Bioenergies

The carbon cycle remained stable for many millennia, but industrialization and the use of fossil carbon over the past less than two centuries have disrupted the balance between greenhouse gas emissions and the Earth’s capacity to absorb carbon from the atmosphere via forests and oceans.
Bioenergy is defined as an alternative, renewable form of energy derived from biomass, including thermal, electrical, and mechanical (transport) energies. The term “biomass” encompasses lipids, sugars, and starches extracted from plants; agricultural and forestry residues; dedicated energy crops; and organic waste and coproducts of the agro‑industry. Conversion technologies include direct combustion, thermochemical, biochemical, and biocatalytic processes.